Keywords: Carbonate; Natural complex; Soil diagnostics; Soil type; Texture differentiation; Soil map

Introduction

It is well known that the classification of brown soils was first made in 1949 by IP. Gerasimov. Although 69 years have passed since the first classification to date, brown soil has not yet been able to occupy its place in the classification. Thus, to substantiate the aforementioned idea, we have many years of theoretically and practically analyzed data.

It is known that brown soils are widely formed in the Balkan Peninsula and around the Mediterranean (European and African coasts). This information was published in the works of the 6th International Congress of Soil Science, held in Paris in 1956.

The last classification of Azerbaijani lands was given by ME Salayev in 1991, where the author was especially interested in the search for correlation between the nomenclature system of the land and the system of nomenclature of the world with a more detailed study of the diagnostic parameters of soils.

Thus, when analyzing the results of SE Salayev's observations, attention is drawn to the specificity of mountain and brown soils from other types of soil and the relief and climatic complexity of the mountainous terrain.As noted by Salayev ME, brown soils were formed on both flat and mountainous background.

However, it should be borne in mind that the brown soils in Azerbaijan have largely formed their genetic characteristics in the complex exposition of the mountainous relief and retained their classic morphological features. You don't have to go very far to justify this idea. Thus, it is possible to encounter mountainous brown and mountainous lands in the northeastern part of the Lesser Caucasus, with a large range of Gadabay[1-5].

Brown soils are associated with the gray-brown soils formed in the foothills and forests of the Gadabay region from the south. In the upper border, brown mountain-forest lands create a transition to dark brown soils. The brown area of ??the forest zone has developed from 400-500m up to 1100-1200m, mainly under oak and partly forest[6-9].

The brown soils present in flat areas have been able to change their geographical range because of their long-term anthropogenic impact. Thus, the brown soils formerly formed under the forest now retain their original position in a very small range, while the rest are undergoing evolution[10].

Research object and methodology

As a research object, the brown and black soils formed on different slopes of the northern slope of the Lesser Caucasus were taken. The degree of soil erosion at the study site was determined based on the comparative geographical method proposed by Alakbarov KA, and the determination of morphogenetic features by Sh.G. Hasanov.

Analysis of results: Multispectral space images of Landsat-2 (1976) and Landsat-8 (2016) were used at different times to study the variability of the soil range in the study area. Based on the processing of these images, an electronic map was developed to determine the time dependence of the shape of the terrain on the changes in the terrain, its effects on the types of soil formed in the area, and their morphological features.

Both electronic maps were developed based on ArcGIS version 10.3 [3,4,11].As you can see from the electronic map, over the 40 years from 1976 to 2016, the land cover has changed significantly (Figure 1,2).

Nowthe areas exposed to anthropogenic impact are shown on the map in a dense background. Visual observations at the landfill were analyzed and compared with Landsat-2 and Landsat-8 satellite images. All of this suggests that, as a result of various natural and anthropogenic factors, the terrain changes and changes the nomenclature sequence according to the relevant taxation system. V.R. Volobuyev still regarded biogeochemical processes as the most complex indoor system in nature in his research and thesis in the middle of the last century [1,2,5].

According to him, the main element of the process of degradation in nature, especially in soil, should be vegetation, which is clearly dependent on the eco-geomorphology of the surrounding area. [1,9,12]. Of course, one of the main factors that create continuity and recurrence in the aforementioned processes should be the atmospheric sediment and groundwater. The irritating and decisive nature of groundwater in the soil plays a key role in the formation and development of many processes. It has a powerful effect on the formation of secondary mineral compounds, especially in soils, and in parallel with the vegetation removal from the soil profile.

It is not wrong to say that all these features are important in the management of landslide processes that may occur within a local or global space, depending on time. One of the main diagnostic features of brown mountain-forest soils is the high carbon dioxide or uniform distribution throughout the profile, which is observed differently in the submerged or submerged subspecies. Given that the activity of the thermal regime in the northern slopes is a major factor affecting the timing of vegetation season, we can say that the process of landing is clearly under different quality indices. Further, it is worth noting that active temperatures have a superior role not only on the surface of the soil, but also on the inland soil. One of the main diagnostic indicators that draws our attention is the rate of intensive growth of the clay layer, which is formed by inland soil degradation in the brown carbonate and submerged soils [3,7,11].

Observations and studies show that one of the main factors influencing the formation of brown forest lands is the relatively dry climate. Under these conditions, thick mesophylous forests do not form, but only drought-resistant and relatively low-prone forest species can produce species and xerophytes[13]. All these processes are associated with the high evaporation rate and the less intense precipitation.

In general, when analyzing the results of studies conducted by both local and foreign scientists, we can see that the nature and direction of the soil processes, as well as the evolutionary direction, are directly influenced by the factors affecting the soil. The more effective the mechanism of soil-borne factors is, the more time-dependent it becomes in directing the process [1,6,14].

Result

From the analysis and discussion of the analytical information presented in the article, we can conclude that the collapse of the brown and black soils and the deforestation of trees and shrubs in the low-mountainous zone is not only a consequence of local ecosystem changes but also the fertility of the soil. Changes in the genetic make-up of the soil have led to the different taxonomy of the relatively high taxon, which does not deviate from its typical diagnostic and morphological characteristics. As a result, the area of ??the fertile layer of both types of land has been significantly reduced.